SGPT (Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase), also known as ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), and SGOT (Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase), also called AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), are important enzymes found in liver cells and other tissues like the heart and muscles. These enzymes play a key role in the body’s metabolic processes. Normally, SGPT and SGOT levels in the blood are low. However, when liver cells or other tissues are damaged, these enzymes leak into the bloodstream, causing their levels to rise. Elevated SGPT and SGOT levels are markers of liver injury or disease, but they do not cause symptoms themselves. Instead, the underlying liver condition is what produces the symptoms.

Let’s look at the common symptoms and signs associated with conditions that lead to high SGPT and SGOT levels:

1. Fatigue and Weakness
One of the earliest and most common signs of liver dysfunction is persistent tiredness. People with liver disease may feel unusually weak or lack energy, even after adequate rest.

2. Jaundice (Yellowing of Skin and Eyes)
When liver function is impaired, the body cannot process bilirubin properly, leading to its buildup. This causes the skin and whites of the eyes to turn yellow — a condition known as jaundice. It is a classic sign of liver damage.

3. Abdominal Pain and Swelling
Pain in the upper right side of the abdomen (where the liver is located) may occur if the liver is inflamed or enlarged. In some cases, fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites) may cause visible swelling and discomfort.

4. Nausea and Vomiting
Digestive disturbances are common in liver disorders. People may feel nauseated, lose their appetite, or vomit, especially in cases of hepatitis or other liver infections.

5. Dark Urine and Pale Stools
Changes in the color of urine and stools can occur when the liver is not processing bile correctly. Urine may appear dark brown, and stools may become pale or clay-colored.

6. Itchy Skin
Liver dysfunction can lead to the accumulation of substances in the blood that cause intense itching, often without any visible rash.

7. Swelling in Legs and Ankles
The liver helps regulate fluid balance. When it is not functioning well, fluid may accumulate in the legs and ankles, leading to noticeable swelling (edema).

8. Easy Bruising and Bleeding
A damaged liver may not produce enough proteins needed for blood clotting, resulting in easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds, or prolonged bleeding from small cuts.

9. Confusion or Memory Problems (in severe cases)
In advanced liver disease (such as cirrhosis), toxins that the liver would normally clear can build up in the blood, affecting brain function. This condition, called hepatic encephalopathy, may cause confusion, difficulty concentrating, or personality changes.

It’s important to remember that elevated SGPT and SGOT levels are not diseases by themselves — they are indicators of possible liver or muscle damage. If routine tests show high enzyme levels, further investigation is needed to identify and treat the underlying cause, such as hepatitis, fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver injury, or heart and muscle disorders.

Early medical evaluation and lifestyle changes — like avoiding alcohol, eating a balanced diet, and managing weight — can help protect liver health and prevent complications.